{"id":5212,"date":"2021-05-26T16:58:31","date_gmt":"2021-05-26T14:58:31","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/hicp.cz\/?p=5212"},"modified":"2025-06-05T11:11:57","modified_gmt":"2025-06-05T09:11:57","slug":"historie-cerneho-strelneho-prachu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/hicp.cz\/?p=5212","title":{"rendered":"Historie oh\u0148ostroje a st\u0159eln\u00e9ho prachu (\u010dern\u00e9ho)"},"content":{"rendered":"

Historie oh\u0148ostroje a st\u0159eln\u00e9ho prachu (\u010dern\u00e9ho)\u00a0<\/strong><\/h1>\n

Historie oh\u0148ostroje a st\u0159eln\u00e9ho prachu: Od d\u00e1vn\u00fdch \u010das\u016f a\u017e po sou\u010dasnost
\nOh\u0148ostroje a st\u0159eln\u00fd prach pat\u0159\u00ed mezi fascinuj\u00edc\u00ed lidsk\u00e9 vyn\u00e1lezy, kter\u00e9 ovlivnily nejen z\u00e1bavn\u00ed pyrotechniku, ale tak\u00e9 vojenstv\u00ed, pr\u016fmysl a kulturu po cel\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b.<\/p>\n

Historie oh\u0148ostroj\u016f a st\u0159eln\u00e9ho prachu je pln\u00e1 zaj\u00edmavost\u00ed, legend, v\u00fdznamn\u00fdch osobnost\u00ed i p\u0159evratn\u00fdch objevitelsk\u00fdch okam\u017eik\u016f. Pono\u0159me se do hlubok\u00e9 historie t\u011bchto dvou propojen\u00fdch fenom\u00e9n\u016f a prozkoumejme jejich vznik, v\u00fdvoj, vyu\u017eit\u00ed i v\u00fdznam v r\u016fzn\u00fdch historick\u00fdch epoch\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n

Prvn\u00ed zm\u00ednky o st\u0159eln\u00e9m prachu \u2013 \u010cern\u00fd prach a jeho tajemstv\u00ed<\/strong><\/p>\n

Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed slo\u017ekou v\u011bt\u0161iny pyrotechnick\u00fdch v\u00fdrobk\u016f je \u010dern\u00fd st\u0159eln\u00fd prach (\u010dasto naz\u00fdvan\u00fd jednodu\u0161e \u010dern\u00fd prach), kter\u00fd je v\u016fbec nejstar\u0161\u00ed zn\u00e1mou v\u00fdbu\u0161ninou na sv\u011bt\u011b. Tradi\u010dn\u011b se skl\u00e1d\u00e1 ze t\u0159\u00ed hlavn\u00edch slo\u017eek: d\u0159ev\u011bn\u00e9ho uhl\u00ed, s\u00edry a ledek (dusi\u010dnan draseln\u00fd). Pr\u00e1v\u011b objev ledku byl jedn\u00edm z kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdch moment\u016f v historii v\u00fdvoje st\u0159eln\u00e9ho prachu. Prvn\u00ed p\u00edsemn\u00e9 z\u00e1znamy o st\u0159eln\u00e9m prachu poch\u00e1zej\u00ed z obdob\u00ed 7. a\u017e 9. stolet\u00ed v \u010c\u00edn\u011b. Podle legend byl vynalezen taoistick\u00fdmi mnichy, kte\u0159\u00ed hledali elix\u00edr nesmrtelnosti.
\nP\u016fvodn\u011b byl tento magick\u00fd pr\u00e1\u0161ek vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n v tradi\u010dn\u00ed \u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9 medic\u00edn\u011b, pozd\u011bji se v\u0161ak jeho vlastnosti uk\u00e1zaly b\u00fdt mnohem zaj\u00edmav\u011bj\u0161\u00ed: v\u00fdbu\u0161nost, schopnost produkce ohn\u011b, kou\u0159e a hluku. Brzy jej \u010c\u00ed\u0148an\u00e9 za\u010dali pou\u017e\u00edvat nejen pro magick\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dely, ale tak\u00e9 pro odpuzov\u00e1n\u00ed zl\u00fdch duch\u016f, p\u0159\u00edpravu oh\u0148ostroj\u016f a nakonec i jako n\u00e1pl\u0148 primitivn\u00edch zbran\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Bambusov\u00e9 roury, prvn\u00ed oh\u0148ostroje a slavnosti v \u010c\u00edn\u011b<\/strong><\/p>\n

V po\u010d\u00e1tc\u00edch byly nejb\u011b\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed formou oh\u0148ostroj\u016f bambusov\u00e9 roury, kter\u00e9 byly pln\u011bny \u010dern\u00fdm prachem a h\u00e1zeny do ohn\u011b. V\u00fdsledkem byla hlasit\u00e1 exploze doprov\u00e1zen\u00e1 kou\u0159em, jiskrami a \u010dasto i pestrobarevn\u00fdmi efekty, pokud byly p\u0159id\u00e1ny miner\u00e1ln\u00ed p\u0159\u00edm\u011bsi. Tyto \u201ev\u00fdbuchy\u201c m\u011bly zah\u00e1n\u011bt zl\u00e9 duchy a staly se ned\u00edlnou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed \u010d\u00ednsk\u00fdch slavnost\u00ed, zejm\u00e9na b\u011bhem oslav Nov\u00e9ho roku a d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdch sv\u00e1tk\u016f.
\n\u010c\u00ed\u0148an\u00e9 byli prvn\u00ed, kdo dok\u00e1zali st\u0159eln\u00fd prach vyu\u017e\u00edt k pohonu raket \u2013 nejenom ve zbrojen\u00ed, ale tak\u00e9 k vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed sv\u011bteln\u00fdch efekt\u016f na no\u010dn\u00ed obloze. Prvn\u00ed skute\u010dn\u00e9 oh\u0148ostroje, jak je zn\u00e1me dnes, se objevily pr\u00e1v\u011b v \u010c\u00edn\u011b.<\/p>\n

Roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed znalost\u00ed do sv\u011bta: Arabov\u00e9, Indie, Evropa<\/strong><\/p>\n

Znalosti o v\u00fdrob\u011b st\u0159eln\u00e9ho prachu a oh\u0148ostrojn\u00fdch efekt\u016f se za\u010daly \u0161\u00ed\u0159it z \u010c\u00edny do dal\u0161\u00edch \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed Asie \u2013 do Indie a k Arab\u016fm, kte\u0159\u00ed se tak\u00e9 v\u00fdznamn\u011b pod\u00edleli na zdokonalov\u00e1n\u00ed sm\u011bs\u00ed. Arab\u0161t\u00ed alchymist\u00e9 experimentovali s r\u016fzn\u00fdmi pom\u011bry a slo\u017ekami prachu, co\u017e vedlo k dal\u0161\u00edmu zdokonalen\u00ed jeho \u00fa\u010dink\u016f.
\nDo Evropy pronikly znalosti o st\u0159eln\u00e9m prachu v pr\u016fb\u011bhu 13. stolet\u00ed. Traduje se, \u017ee jeden z prvn\u00edch Evropan\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed popsali v\u00fdrobu \u010dern\u00e9ho prachu, byl anglick\u00fd filozof a v\u011bdec Roger Bacon. N\u011bmeck\u00e9 prameny zase zmi\u0148uj\u00ed Berchtolda Schwarze, kter\u00fd by m\u011bl b\u00fdt \u201eotcem \u010dern\u00e9ho prachu\u201c v evropsk\u00e9m kontextu. A\u0165 u\u017e je pravda jak\u00e1koliv, b\u011bhem 14. stolet\u00ed u\u017e v Evrop\u011b vznikala prosperuj\u00edc\u00ed v\u00fdroba paln\u00fdch zbran\u00ed a pyrotechnick\u00fdch efekt\u016f.<\/p>\n

St\u0159eln\u00fd prach a jeho v\u00fdznam ve vojenstv\u00ed<\/strong><\/p>\n

Z\u00e1sadn\u00ed pr\u016flom p\u0159i\u0161el s vyu\u017eit\u00edm st\u0159eln\u00e9ho prachu v paln\u00fdch zbran\u00edch. Prvn\u00ed d\u011bla, h\u00e1kovnice, p\u00ed\u0161\u0165aly \u010di tarasnice znamenaly z\u00e1sadn\u00ed zm\u011bnu v tehdej\u0161\u00edm v\u00e1le\u010dnictv\u00ed. Husitsk\u00e9 v\u00e1lky v 15. stolet\u00ed byly v\u00fdznamn\u00fdm obdob\u00edm pro rozvoj st\u0159eln\u00e9ho prachu na \u00fazem\u00ed \u010desk\u00fdch zem\u00ed. Pod veden\u00edm Jana \u017di\u017eky z Trocnova byly vyu\u017eity \u010desk\u00e9 inovace jako p\u00ed\u0161\u0165ala (odtud slovo pistole), houfnice i kan\u00f3n. Pyrotechnika tak ovlivnila nejen pr\u016fb\u011bh bitev, ale i samotn\u00fd jazyk, proto\u017ee pojmy jako \u201ehoufnice\u201c (anglicky howitzer, n\u011bmecky Haubitze) a \u201ekan\u00f3n\u201c pronikly do celosv\u011btov\u00e9ho slovn\u00edku.
\nPrvn\u00ed zm\u00ednka o v\u00fdrob\u011b st\u0159eln\u00e9ho prachu v \u010desk\u00fdch zem\u00edch poch\u00e1z\u00ed z roku 1432. Od t\u00e9 doby se v\u00fdroba pyrotechniky a st\u0159eln\u00e9ho prachu neust\u00e1le zdokonalovala.<\/p>\n

V\u00fdroba st\u0159eln\u00e9ho prachu: Od st\u0159edov\u011bku po modern\u00ed dobu<\/strong><\/p>\n

Tradi\u010dn\u00ed v\u00fdroba \u010dern\u00e9ho st\u0159eln\u00e9ho prachu byla dlouho dom\u00e9nou mistr\u016f st\u0159elmistr\u016f a alchymist\u016f. Z\u00e1kladem byla pe\u010dliv\u00e1 volba surovin a jejich spr\u00e1vn\u00e9 prom\u00edch\u00e1n\u00ed. D\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdm faktorem bylo zachov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159esn\u00e9ho pom\u011bru slo\u017eek a zabezpe\u010den\u00ed proti n\u00e1hodn\u00e9 explozi v pr\u016fb\u011bhu v\u00fdroby.
\nA\u017e do posledn\u00ed t\u0159etiny 19. stolet\u00ed byl \u010dern\u00fd prach prakticky bez konkurence. Vyr\u00e1b\u011bl se nejen pro vojensk\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dely, ale tak\u00e9 pro t\u011b\u017ebu uhl\u00ed, rud a dal\u0161\u00ed pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9 vyu\u017eit\u00ed. Prvn\u00ed pou\u017eit\u00ed st\u0159eln\u00e9ho prachu jako trhaviny p\u0159i t\u011b\u017eb\u011b hornin bylo zaznamen\u00e1no v roce 1627 ve slovensk\u00e9 Ba\u0148sk\u00e9 \u0160tiavnici, kde st\u0159elmistr Ka\u0161par Weindl provedl historicky prvn\u00ed odst\u0159el horniny.<\/p>\n

Oh\u0148ostroje \u2013 symbol radosti, moci a slavnost\u00ed<\/strong><\/p>\n

Zat\u00edmco st\u0159eln\u00fd prach m\u011bl \u010dasto destruktivn\u00ed \u00fa\u010del, oh\u0148ostroje se staly symbolem radosti, oslav a velkolep\u00fdch ud\u00e1lost\u00ed. U\u017e od po\u010d\u00e1tku jejich historie byly oh\u0148ostroje vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1ny p\u0159i korunovac\u00edch, svatb\u00e1ch, st\u00e1tn\u00edch sv\u00e1tc\u00edch \u010di v\u00edt\u011bzn\u00fdch ta\u017een\u00edch. V Evrop\u011b se prvn\u00ed velkolep\u00e9 oh\u0148ostrojn\u00e9 slavnosti konaly v It\u00e1lii, N\u011bmecku a Francii b\u011bhem renesance a baroka. Zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed popularitu si oh\u0148ostroje z\u00edskaly na dvorech c\u00edsa\u0159\u016f, kr\u00e1l\u016f a aristokracie.
\nV Praze byla nap\u0159. v dob\u011b vl\u00e1dy Rudolfa II. po\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1na velkolep\u00e1 oh\u0148ostrojn\u00e1 p\u0159edstaven\u00ed na Hrad\u010danech, kde se pyrotechnika stala um\u011bn\u00edm \u2013 kombinac\u00ed barev, efekt\u016f, hudby a p\u0159ekvapen\u00ed. Tradice oh\u0148ostroj\u016f p\u0159etrvala a\u017e do dne\u0161n\u00ed doby, kdy jsou ned\u00edlnou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed oslav Nov\u00e9ho roku, m\u011bstsk\u00fdch slavnost\u00ed, svateb, sportovn\u00edch v\u00edt\u011bzstv\u00ed i kulturn\u00edch akc\u00ed.<\/p>\n

V\u00fdvoj pyrotechnick\u00fdch efekt\u016f<\/strong><\/p>\n

S rozvojem chemie a pr\u016fmyslu se za\u010daly pou\u017e\u00edvat nov\u00e9 slo\u017eky pro v\u00fdrobu barevn\u00fdch efekt\u016f. P\u0159id\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00edm r\u016fzn\u00fdch kovov\u00fdch sol\u00ed vznikaly nov\u00e9 barvy: \u010derven\u00e1 (stroncium), modr\u00e1 (m\u011b\u010f), zelen\u00e1 (baryum), b\u00edl\u00e1 (ho\u0159\u010d\u00edk) a dal\u0161\u00ed. Modern\u00ed oh\u0148ostroje tak nab\u00edzej\u00ed ohromuj\u00edc\u00ed paletu vizu\u00e1ln\u00edch a akustick\u00fdch efekt\u016f \u2013 od sv\u011bteln\u00fdch kytic, p\u0159es gejz\u00edry, font\u00e1ny, po slo\u017eit\u00e9 choreografick\u00e9 sestavy.<\/p>\n

Zaj\u00edmavosti a v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 akce spojen\u00e9 s oh\u0148ostroji<\/strong><\/p>\n

Nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed oh\u0148ostroj na sv\u011bt\u011b byl odp\u00e1len v Dubaji b\u011bhem oslav p\u0159\u00edchodu Nov\u00e9ho roku 2014, kde bylo pou\u017eito p\u0159es 500 000 odpalovan\u00fdch efekt\u016f.
\nV Japonsku jsou oh\u0148ostroje (hanabi) dodnes symbolem l\u00e9ta a po\u0159\u00e1daj\u00ed se zde des\u00edtky ob\u0159\u00edch oh\u0148ostrojn\u00fdch festival\u016f.
\nV \u010c\u00edn\u011b je v\u00fdroba pyrotechniky st\u00e1le tradi\u010dn\u00edm \u0159emeslem a m\u011bsta jako Liuyang jsou pova\u017eov\u00e1na za sv\u011btov\u00e9 centrum produkce oh\u0148ostroj\u016f.
\nMezi nejslavn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed oh\u0148ostroje v Evrop\u011b pat\u0159\u00ed ka\u017edoro\u010dn\u00ed show v Lond\u00fdn\u011b na Silvestra, v Pa\u0159\u00ed\u017ei u Eiffelovy v\u011b\u017ee nebo v Praze na Vltav\u011b.
\nV\u00fdvoj \u201etich\u00fdch oh\u0148ostroj\u016f\u201c je v posledn\u00edch letech reakc\u00ed na pot\u0159ebu sn\u00ed\u017eit hlukovou z\u00e1t\u011b\u017e pro dom\u00e1c\u00ed mazl\u00ed\u010dky nebo ve m\u011bstech.<\/p>\n

Shrnut\u00ed<\/strong><\/p>\n

Historie oh\u0148ostroj\u016f a st\u0159eln\u00e9ho prachu je fascinuj\u00edc\u00edm p\u0159\u00edb\u011bhem lidsk\u00e9 vynal\u00e9zavosti, kreativity a v\u011b\u010dn\u00e9ho \u00fasil\u00ed spojit s\u00edlu p\u0159\u00edrody s touhou po radosti, oslav\u011b a bezpe\u010d\u00ed. \u010cern\u00fd prach, pyrotechnika, slavnostn\u00ed oh\u0148ostroj, tradi\u010dn\u00ed i modern\u00ed efekty, v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 historick\u00e9 ud\u00e1losti a osobnosti \u2013 to v\u0161e tvo\u0159\u00ed bohatou mozaiku d\u011bjin, kter\u00e9 sahaj\u00ed od starov\u011bk\u00e9 \u010c\u00edny a\u017e po sou\u010dasn\u00fd sv\u011bt modern\u00edho pyrotechnick\u00e9ho um\u011bn\u00ed.
\nA\u0165 u\u017e si u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1te barevn\u00e9 sv\u011bteln\u00e9 efekty b\u011bhem slavnost\u00ed, nebo obdivujete historick\u00fd v\u00fdznam st\u0159eln\u00e9ho prachu, v\u017edy pamatujte na jeho \u00fa\u017easnou cestu d\u011bjinami, kter\u00e1 nav\u017edy zm\u011bnila sv\u011bt.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Ledku sedm d\u00edlu vezmi<\/em>
\na p\u011bt uhl\u00edk\u016f z l\u00edskov\u00e9ho d\u0159eva,<\/em>
\na\u017e zam\u00edch\u00e1\u0161 ob\u00e9 za zav\u0159en\u00fdmi dve\u0159mi,<\/em>
\np\u011bt d\u00edl\u016f s\u00edry p\u0159idat je t\u0159eba.<\/em><\/p>\n

Ovl\u00e1dne\u0161-li toto mocn\u00e9 um\u011bn\u00ed,<\/em>
\nvyvol\u00e1\u0161 hrom a velk\u00e9 zd\u011b\u0161en\u00ed.<\/em><\/p>\n

Ale na ruce pozor dej,<\/em>
\nm\u011bj i ty trochu strach<\/em>
\na z mysli nepou\u0161t\u011bj,<\/em>
\n\u017ee om\u00e1mil t\u011b \u010dern\u00fd prach. <\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Historie oh\u0148ostroje a st\u0159eln\u00e9ho prachu (\u010dern\u00e9ho)\u00a0 Historie oh\u0148ostroje a st\u0159eln\u00e9ho prachu: Od d\u00e1vn\u00fdch \u010das\u016f a\u017e po sou\u010dasnost Oh\u0148ostroje a st\u0159eln\u00fd prach pat\u0159\u00ed mezi fascinuj\u00edc\u00ed lidsk\u00e9 vyn\u00e1lezy, kter\u00e9 ovlivnily nejen z\u00e1bavn\u00ed pyrotechniku, ale tak\u00e9 vojenstv\u00ed, pr\u016fmysl a kulturu po cel\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b. Historie oh\u0148ostroj\u016f a st\u0159eln\u00e9ho prachu je pln\u00e1 zaj\u00edmavost\u00ed, legend, v\u00fdznamn\u00fdch osobnost\u00ed i p\u0159evratn\u00fdch objevitelsk\u00fdch okam\u017eik\u016f. […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":5200,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[23,49,87,52],"tags":[73,53,48,95,96,97,47,93],"class_list":["post-5212","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-art","category-cerny-prach","category-civilni-pyrotechnika","category-historie-ohnostroju","tag-cerny-prach","tag-historie","tag-kanon","tag-ohnostroj","tag-ohnostroje","tag-pyrotechnika","tag-strelny-prach","tag-zabavni-pyrotechnika"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/hicp.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5212","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/hicp.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/hicp.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hicp.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hicp.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=5212"}],"version-history":[{"count":11,"href":"https:\/\/hicp.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5212\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6886,"href":"https:\/\/hicp.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5212\/revisions\/6886"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hicp.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/5200"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/hicp.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=5212"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hicp.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=5212"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hicp.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=5212"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}