{"id":5634,"date":"2021-06-10T20:09:30","date_gmt":"2021-06-10T18:09:30","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/hicp.cz\/?p=5634"},"modified":"2025-06-05T11:11:26","modified_gmt":"2025-06-05T09:11:26","slug":"vyroba-strelneho-prachu-veverska-bityska","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/hicp.cz\/?p=5634","title":{"rendered":"V\u00fdroba st\u0159eln\u00e9ho prachu Veversk\u00e1 B\u00edt\u00fd\u0161ka"},"content":{"rendered":"

V\u00fdroba st\u0159eln\u00e9ho a trhac\u00edho prachu ve Veversk\u00e9 B\u00edt\u00fd\u0161ce: Zapomenut\u00e1 pr\u016fmyslov\u00e1 historie Moravy<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00davod do historie prach\u00e1ren a v\u00fdroby st\u0159eln\u00e9ho prachu<\/strong><\/p>\n

V srdci Moravy, nedaleko hradu Veve\u0159\u00ed, le\u017e\u00ed malebn\u00e9 m\u011bste\u010dko Veversk\u00e1 B\u00edt\u00fd\u0161ka, kter\u00e9 se v\u00fdznamn\u011b zapsalo do d\u011bjin pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9 v\u00fdroby st\u0159eln\u00e9ho prachu. Ve zdej\u0161\u00ed prach\u00e1rn\u011b nebyla v\u00fdroba st\u0159eln\u00e9ho a trhac\u00edho prachu pouze \u0159emeslem, n\u00fdbr\u017e \u017eivotn\u00edm posl\u00e1n\u00edm n\u011bkolika generac\u00ed d\u011bln\u00edk\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed zde den co den riskovali sv\u00e9 \u017eivoty p\u0159i manipulaci s nebezpe\u010dn\u00fdmi l\u00e1tkami. M\u00edstn\u00ed prach\u00e1rna byla v 19. stolet\u00ed jedn\u00edm z kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdch podnik\u016f sv\u00e9ho druhu na Morav\u011b, a jej\u00ed postupy i produkty byly vyhled\u00e1v\u00e1ny nejen arm\u00e1dou, ale i civiln\u00edmi odb\u011brateli.
\nV\u00fdroba st\u0159eln\u00e9ho prachu v \u010cech\u00e1ch a na Morav\u011b m\u00e1 dlouhou tradici, sahaj\u00edc\u00ed a\u017e do st\u0159edov\u011bku. Prach\u00e1rny byly \u010dasto situov\u00e1ny v bl\u00edzkosti vodn\u00edch tok\u016f a hlubok\u00fdch les\u016f, co\u017e poskytovalo pot\u0159ebn\u00fd materi\u00e1l i energii. Veversk\u00e1 B\u00edt\u00fd\u0161ka m\u011bla d\u00edky sv\u00e9 poloze a dostupnosti p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edch zdroj\u016f ide\u00e1ln\u00ed podm\u00ednky pro vznik a rozvoj tohoto pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9ho odv\u011btv\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Materi\u00e1ly pot\u0159ebn\u00e9 k v\u00fdrob\u011b prachu<\/strong><\/p>\n

Kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 suroviny pro v\u00fdrobu st\u0159eln\u00e9ho prachu tvo\u0159ily d\u0159ev\u011bn\u00e9 uhl\u00ed, s\u00edra a ledek (dusi\u010dnan draseln\u00fd). Tyto l\u00e1tky musely b\u00fdt co nej\u010dist\u0161\u00ed a precizn\u011b d\u00e1vkovan\u00e9. D\u0159ev\u011bn\u00e9 uhl\u00ed bylo p\u0159ipravov\u00e1no v\u00fdhradn\u011b z b\u0159ezov\u00e9ho d\u0159eva, kter\u00e9 dod\u00e1valy okoln\u00ed lesy u hradu Veve\u0159\u00ed. B\u0159ezov\u00e9 d\u0159evo bylo oce\u0148ov\u00e1no pro svoji jemnou strukturu a n\u00edzk\u00fd obsah prysky\u0159ic, co\u017e se odr\u00e1\u017eelo v kvalit\u011b v\u00fdsledn\u00e9ho uhl\u00ed. S\u00edra byla do prach\u00e1rny dopravov\u00e1na vojenskou spr\u00e1vou, stejn\u011b jako ledek, jeho\u017e v\u00fdroba a distribuce podl\u00e9hala p\u0159\u00edsn\u00e9 st\u00e1tn\u00ed kontrole.<\/p>\n

Proces v\u00fdroby d\u0159ev\u011bn\u00e9ho uhl\u00ed v mil\u00ed\u0159\u00edch<\/strong><\/p>\n

V\u00fdroba d\u0159ev\u011bn\u00e9ho uhl\u00ed byla zcela z\u00e1sadn\u00ed etapou procesu. D\u0159evo se nejprve zbavilo k\u016fry, na\u0161t\u00edpalo na \u0161pal\u00edky a ty se pak p\u00e1lily ve speci\u00e1ln\u00edch mil\u00ed\u0159\u00edch. Mil\u00ed\u0159e m\u011bly podobu okrouhl\u00fdch cihlov\u00fdch jam, hlubok\u00fdch p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b t\u0159i metry a \u0161irok\u00fdch v\u00edce ne\u017e jeden metr. Konstrukt\u00e9\u0159i mil\u00ed\u0159\u016f kladli velk\u00fd d\u016fraz na to, aby d\u0159evo nep\u0159i\u0161lo do kontaktu s p\u016fdou, co\u017e by mohlo negativn\u011b ovlivnit \u010distotu v\u00fdsledn\u00e9ho uhl\u00ed.
\nPostup byl n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed: Uprost\u0159ed mil\u00ed\u0159e byla zap\u00e1lena hrani\u010dka d\u0159ev\u011bn\u00fdch \u0161pal\u00edk\u016f, pot\u00e9 se prostor postupn\u011b zaplnil dal\u0161\u00edmi \u0161pal\u00edky a\u017e po okraj. D\u0159evo ho\u0159elo zvolna, a kdy\u017e byl povrch ji\u017e rozp\u00e1len\u00fd, zalil jej d\u011bln\u00edk vodou a p\u0159ikryl siln\u00fdm \u010dtvercov\u00fdm plechem, na kter\u00fd navr\u0161il silnou vrstvu hl\u00edny. Takto uzav\u0159en\u00fd mil\u00ed\u0159 byl ponech\u00e1n n\u011bkolik dn\u00ed, ne\u017e uhl\u00ed pe\u010dliv\u011b vychladlo a prodoutnalo. Vznikl\u00e9 d\u0159ev\u011bn\u00e9 uhl\u00ed bylo vysoce kvalitn\u00ed, co\u017e m\u011blo z\u00e1sadn\u00ed vliv na v\u00fdkon i stabilitu st\u0159eln\u00e9ho prachu.<\/p>\n

Drcen\u00ed a mlet\u00ed uhl\u00ed ve stoup\u00e1ch poh\u00e1n\u011bn\u00fdch vodn\u00edm kolem<\/strong><\/p>\n

Dal\u0161\u00edm krokem bylo rozdrcen\u00ed uhl\u00ed na jemn\u00fd pr\u00e1\u0161ek. V prach\u00e1rn\u011b ve Veversk\u00e9 B\u00edt\u00fd\u0161ce byla pro tento \u00fa\u010del z\u0159\u00edzena d\u00edlna s n\u011bkolika dubov\u00fdmi \u017elaby, ve kter\u00fdch se nach\u00e1zely mosazn\u00e9 stoupy. Tyto t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9 stoupy byly poh\u00e1n\u011bn\u00e9 vodn\u00edm kolem, kter\u00e9 \u010derpalo energii z B\u00edl\u00e9ho potoka. Vodn\u00ed kolo bylo nezbytnou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9ho vybaven\u00ed prach\u00e1rny a umo\u017e\u0148ovalo efektivn\u00ed a rovnom\u011brn\u00e9 drcen\u00ed materi\u00e1lu.
\nMlet\u00ed prob\u00edhalo tak, \u017ee v ka\u017ed\u00e9m \u017elabu pracovaly t\u0159i stoupy, kter\u00e9 roztloukaly uhl\u00ed na jemn\u00fd pr\u00e1\u0161ek. Tento proces byl nejen fyzicky n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00fd, ale i nebezpe\u010dn\u00fd \u2013 jak\u00e1koli jiskra mohla znamenat katastrofu. Proto d\u011bln\u00edci pou\u017e\u00edvali pouze nemetalick\u00e9 n\u00e1stroje a dodr\u017eovali p\u0159\u00edsn\u00e1 bezpe\u010dnostn\u00ed pravidla.<\/p>\n

M\u00edch\u00e1n\u00ed surovin a tvorba prachov\u00fdch zrnek<\/strong><\/p>\n

K roztlu\u010den\u00e9mu uhl\u00ed byl n\u00e1sledn\u011b p\u0159im\u00edch\u00e1n ledek a s\u00edra v p\u0159esn\u011b stanoven\u00e9m pom\u011bru (na 20 kg uhl\u00ed p\u0159ipadlo 18 kg s\u00edry a 62 kg ledku). Sm\u011bs byla znovu zpracov\u00e1v\u00e1na ve stoup\u00e1ch po dobu dvou a\u017e t\u0159\u00ed hodin, dokud se nevytvo\u0159ila homogenn\u00ed hmota. Tato sm\u011bs se n\u00e1sledn\u011b zvlh\u010dila vodou, aby byla sypk\u00e1, av\u0161ak st\u00e1le navlhl\u00e1. Dlouh\u00fdm zpracov\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00edm ve stoup\u00e1ch se sm\u011bs spojila do drobn\u00fdch zrnek prachu.
\nZrnka prachu byla sb\u00edr\u00e1na do d\u0159ev\u011bn\u00fdch k\u00e1d\u00ed a n\u00e1sledn\u011b p\u0159em\u00edst\u011bna do su\u0161\u00e1rny. Su\u0161\u00e1rna byla vybavena velk\u00fdmi kamny, kter\u00e9 vyt\u00e1p\u011bly prostor z vedlej\u0161\u00ed m\u00edstnosti, aby nedoch\u00e1zelo k p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9mu kontaktu ohn\u011b se st\u0159eln\u00fdm prachem. Su\u0161en\u00edm na l\u00edsk\u00e1ch a pravideln\u00fdm prohrnov\u00e1n\u00edm se zaji\u0161\u0165ovalo rovnom\u011brn\u00e9 schnut\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Le\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed a balen\u00ed st\u0159eln\u00e9ho prachu<\/strong><\/p>\n

Such\u00fd prach byl pot\u00e9 p\u0159esyp\u00e1n do d\u0159ev\u011bn\u00fdch sud\u016f, kter\u00e9 se ot\u00e1\u010dely obdobn\u011b jako m\u00e1selnice. Ot\u00e1\u010den\u00ed bylo op\u011bt poh\u00e1n\u011bno vodn\u00edm kolem. Le\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed prachov\u00fdch zrnek bylo kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 pro jejich n\u00e1slednou sypkost a minimalizaci prachov\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1stic, kter\u00e9 by mohly zp\u016fsobit samovoln\u00fd v\u00fdbuch.
\nPo dokon\u010den\u00ed le\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed byla zrnka prachu ru\u010dn\u011b vyb\u00edr\u00e1na ze sud\u016f, v\u00e1\u017eena po pades\u00e1ti kilogramech a balena do pytl\u016f. Tyto pytle byly n\u00e1sledn\u011b transportov\u00e1ny do vojensk\u00e9ho skladi\u0161t\u011b v Brn\u011b, kde byl prach d\u00e1le distribuov\u00e1n podle pot\u0159eb arm\u00e1dy.<\/p>\n

V\u00fdroba st\u0159eln\u00e9ho prachu pro zbran\u011b<\/strong><\/p>\n

Krom\u011b tzv. prachu trhac\u00edho vyr\u00e1b\u011bla prach\u00e1rna i st\u0159eln\u00fd prach ur\u010den\u00fd pro paln\u00e9 zbran\u011b. Zde byla po\u017eadov\u00e1na je\u0161t\u011b vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed \u00farove\u0148 \u010distoty a jemnosti. Pou\u017e\u00edvalo se d\u0159evo l\u00edskov\u00e9 a kru\u0161inov\u00e9, kter\u00e9 rovn\u011b\u017e poch\u00e1zelo z les\u016f u hradu Veve\u0159\u00ed. V\u00fdrobn\u00ed postup byl v z\u00e1sad\u011b toto\u017en\u00fd, av\u0161ak v\u00fdsledn\u00fd prach musel b\u00fdt jemn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b jako m\u00e1k. Proto se sm\u011bs p\u0159es\u00edvala a v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed zrnka byla znovu rozm\u011bln\u011bna.<\/p>\n

Bezpe\u010dnost pr\u00e1ce a nebezpe\u010d\u00ed v\u00fdbuchu<\/strong><\/p>\n

Pr\u00e1ce v prach\u00e1rn\u011b byla nejen fyzicky n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00e1, ale zejm\u00e9na \u017eivotu nebezpe\u010dn\u00e1. I p\u0159i maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed opatrnosti doch\u00e1zelo k v\u00fdbuch\u016fm, kter\u00e9 m\u011bly \u010dasto tragick\u00e9 n\u00e1sledky. Ve Veversk\u00e9 B\u00edt\u00fd\u0161ce jsou historicky dolo\u017eeny t\u0159i velk\u00e9 exploze \u2013 kolem roku 1810, 1825 a 1922. Tyto ud\u00e1losti m\u011bly vliv na bezpe\u010dnostn\u00ed opat\u0159en\u00ed nejen v t\u00e9to prach\u00e1rn\u011b, ale i v jin\u00fdch obdobn\u00fdch provozech.
\nV\u0161ichni zam\u011bstnanci prach\u00e1rny museli dodr\u017eovat p\u0159\u00edsn\u00e1 pravidla: ve v\u00fdrobn\u00edch prostor\u00e1ch byla zak\u00e1z\u00e1na jak\u00e1koli otev\u0159en\u00e1 sv\u011btla a kovov\u00e9 p\u0159edm\u011bty, pracovn\u00edci nosili speci\u00e1ln\u00ed antistatick\u00e9 od\u011bvy a pou\u017e\u00edvali v\u00fdhradn\u011b d\u0159ev\u011bn\u00e9 nebo mosazn\u00e9 n\u00e1stroje. P\u0159esto byla pr\u00e1ce v prach\u00e1rn\u011b v\u017edy spojena s rizikem.<\/p>\n

V\u00fdznam prach\u00e1rny pro region i vojenskou spr\u00e1vu<\/strong><\/p>\n

V\u00fdroba st\u0159eln\u00e9ho prachu m\u011bla z\u00e1sadn\u00ed v\u00fdznam nejen pro m\u00edstn\u00ed hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed, ale p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm pro vojenskou logistiku a obranyschopnost cel\u00e9 oblasti. Prach\u00e1rna ve Veversk\u00e9 B\u00edt\u00fd\u0161ce byla pod p\u0159\u00edm\u00fdm dohledem vojensk\u00e9 spr\u00e1vy, kter\u00e1 ur\u010dovala kv\u00f3ty v\u00fdroby a kontrolovala kvalitu hotov\u00e9ho produktu. V\u0161echen vyroben\u00fd prach byl skladov\u00e1n v Brn\u011b, odkud byl d\u00e1le distribuov\u00e1n na vojensk\u00e9 sklady, do zbrojnic a na boji\u0161t\u011b.<\/p>\n

Prach\u00e1rna jako sv\u011bdek pr\u016fmyslov\u00fdch d\u011bjin<\/strong><\/p>\n

Dnes u\u017e po prach\u00e1rn\u011b ve Veversk\u00e9 B\u00edt\u00fd\u0161ce z\u016fstaly jen vzpom\u00ednky, archivn\u00ed dokumenty a n\u011bkolik m\u00edstn\u00edch pov\u011bst\u00ed. P\u0159esto je jej\u00ed historie v\u00fdmluvn\u00fdm sv\u011bdectv\u00edm o dovednosti, odvaze i vynal\u00e9zavosti na\u0161ich p\u0159edk\u016f. V\u00fdroba st\u0159eln\u00e9ho prachu byla \u00fazce spojena s rozvojem technologi\u00ed, vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00edm obnoviteln\u00fdch zdroj\u016f energie (vodn\u00ed kolo), znalost\u00ed chemie i s p\u0159\u00edsn\u00fdmi bezpe\u010dnostn\u00edmi p\u0159edpisy, kter\u00e9 byly neust\u00e1le zdokonalov\u00e1ny na z\u00e1klad\u011b \u010dasto velmi t\u011b\u017ece z\u00edskan\u00fdch zku\u0161enost\u00ed.
\nPokud V\u00e1s zaj\u00edm\u00e1 v\u00edce informac\u00ed o historii pr\u016fmyslu, technologie v\u00fdroby st\u0159eln\u00e9ho prachu nebo konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed osudy pracovn\u00edk\u016f v prach\u00e1rn\u00e1ch, m\u016f\u017eete nav\u0161t\u00edvit m\u00edstn\u00ed muzeum ve Veversk\u00e9 B\u00edt\u00fd\u0161ce nebo prozkoumat archivn\u00ed materi\u00e1ly vojensk\u00e9 spr\u00e1vy \u010di region\u00e1ln\u00edch historick\u00fdch instituc\u00ed. Prach\u00e1rna ve Veversk\u00e9 B\u00edt\u00fd\u0161ce tak z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 nejen v\u00fdznamnou technickou pam\u00e1tkou, ale i inspirac\u00ed pro dal\u0161\u00ed generace milovn\u00edk\u016f historie.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

V\u00fdroba st\u0159eln\u00e9ho a trhac\u00edho prachu ve Veversk\u00e9 B\u00edt\u00fd\u0161ce: Zapomenut\u00e1 pr\u016fmyslov\u00e1 historie Moravy \u00davod do historie prach\u00e1ren a v\u00fdroby st\u0159eln\u00e9ho prachu V srdci Moravy, nedaleko hradu Veve\u0159\u00ed, le\u017e\u00ed malebn\u00e9 m\u011bste\u010dko Veversk\u00e1 B\u00edt\u00fd\u0161ka, kter\u00e9 se v\u00fdznamn\u011b zapsalo do d\u011bjin pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9 v\u00fdroby st\u0159eln\u00e9ho prachu. Ve zdej\u0161\u00ed prach\u00e1rn\u011b nebyla v\u00fdroba st\u0159eln\u00e9ho a trhac\u00edho prachu pouze \u0159emeslem, n\u00fdbr\u017e \u017eivotn\u00edm posl\u00e1n\u00edm […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":5883,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[49,87,52],"tags":[73,95,96,97,47,93],"class_list":["post-5634","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-cerny-prach","category-civilni-pyrotechnika","category-historie-ohnostroju","tag-cerny-prach","tag-ohnostroj","tag-ohnostroje","tag-pyrotechnika","tag-strelny-prach","tag-zabavni-pyrotechnika"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/hicp.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5634","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/hicp.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/hicp.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hicp.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hicp.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=5634"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/hicp.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5634\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6888,"href":"https:\/\/hicp.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5634\/revisions\/6888"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hicp.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/5883"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/hicp.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=5634"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hicp.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=5634"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hicp.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=5634"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}